function isHoppingerIp()
{
	
	return false;
}
var i_timerime_timelineId = parseInt('37033');
var b_timerime_list = '-1';
var b_timerime_images_in_list = '-1';
var b_timerime_header_in_list = '1';
var b_ordering = '0';
var b_hide_first_item = '0';
var s_alternative_timerime_swf = '';
var i_clientId = '38201';

var a_timerime_items = new Object();
var a_timerime_itemIds = new Array();
var a_timerime_itemTimeline = new Object();
var i_timerime_currentItemId = -1;

var i_maxPP = 5;
var i_startIndex = 0;
var s_sortBy = "insertdate";

function timerime_loadCSS(s_css)
{
	var o_link=document.createElement("link");
	o_link.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
	o_link.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
	o_link.setAttribute("href", s_css);

	document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(o_link);
}


function timerime_createStructure(s_parent, a_structure)
{
	var a_childs = a_structure[s_parent];
	for(var i = 0;i<a_childs.length;i++)
	{
		a_child = a_childs[i];


		s_child = a_child[1];
		s_type = a_child[0];
		var o_element = document.createElement(s_type);
		o_element.setAttribute('id',s_child);
		document.getElementById(s_parent).appendChild(o_element);
		if(a_structure[s_child])
		{
			timerime_createStructure(s_child,a_structure);
		}
	}
}

function timerime_createTimelineList()
{
	if(document.getElementById('timerimeListContainer'))
	{
		document.getElementById('timerimeListContainer').parentNode.removeChild(document.getElementById('timerimeListContainer'));
	}
	if(b_timerime_list == 1)
	{
		if(b_ordering == 1)
		{
			a_sourceArray = a_timerime_ordering[s_sortBy];
			if(i_startIndex < 0)
			{
				i_startIndex = 0;
			}
			var i_sourceLength = 0;
			for (k in a_sourceArray)
			{
				if (a_sourceArray.hasOwnProperty(k))
				{
					i_sourceLength++;
				}
			}

			b_skipToLastPage = false;
			if(i_startIndex > i_sourceLength)
			{
				b_skipToLastPage = true;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			var a_sourceArray = a_timerime_xmls;
		}


		var s_splitProperty = 'username';
		var a_splitNodes = new Object();

		var o_content = document.createElement('div');
		o_content.setAttribute('id','timerimeListContainer');

		var i_displayCount = 0;
		i_loopIndex = i_startIndex;
		for(i_tlId in a_sourceArray)
		{
			if(b_ordering == 1)
			{
				if((i_displayCount + i_loopIndex) >= (i_maxPP + i_loopIndex))
				{
					break;
				}
				if(i_displayCount < i_loopIndex)
				{
					i_loopIndex--;
					continue;
				}
			}
			var s_tlXML = a_timerime_xmls[i_tlId];
			var o_xml = timerime_stringToXML(s_tlXML);
			var s_splitValue = o_xml.getElementsByTagName(s_splitProperty)[0].firstChild.data;

			if(typeof(a_splitNodes[s_splitValue]) != 'array' && typeof(a_splitNodes[s_splitValue]) != 'object')
			{
				var s_listHeader = o_xml.getElementsByTagName('username')[0].firstChild.data;
				a_splitNodes[s_splitValue] = [document.createElement('div')];
				a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0].className = 'timelinelist';
				if(b_timerime_header_in_list == 1)
				{
					headerEl = document.createElement('h2');
					headerTxt = document.createTextNode(s_listHeader);
					headerEl.appendChild(headerTxt);
					a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0].appendChild(headerEl);
				}

				if(b_ordering == 1 && i_sourceLength > i_maxPP)
				{
					o_pagingAddedDiv = document.createElement('div');
					o_pagingAddedDiv.style.cssFloat = "right";
					o_pagingAddedDiv.style.styleFloat = "right";
					o_pagingAddedDiv.style.marginRight = "15px";
					o_pagingAddedDiv.className = "pagingDiv";
					if(i_startIndex == 0)
					{
						o_prevLink = document.createElement('span');
						o_prevLink.style.color = "gray";
					}
					else
					{
						o_prevLink = document.createElement('a');
						o_prevLink.href = '#prev';
						o_prevLink.onclick = function()
						{
							i_startIndex -= i_maxPP;
							timerime_createTimelineList();
							return false;
						};
					}
					o_prevLink.innerHTML = '<< previous';
					o_prevLink.style.marginRight = '3px';
					o_prevLink.style.cssFloat = "left";
					o_prevLink.style.styleFloat = "left";
					o_pagingAddedDiv.appendChild(o_prevLink);

					i_pagingCount = 0;
					o_pagingDiv = document.createElement('div');
					o_pagingDiv.style.cssFloat = "left";
					o_pagingDiv.style.styleFloat = "left";
					o_pagingDiv.style.marginBottom = "5px";
					while((i_pagingCount * i_maxPP) < i_sourceLength)
					{
						i_index = i_pagingCount * i_maxPP;
						if(b_skipToLastPage && (((i_pagingCount+1) * i_maxPP) >= i_sourceLength))
						{
							i_loopIndex = i_index;
						}
						if(i_index == i_startIndex)
						{
							o_activePage = document.createElement('b');
							o_activePage.innerHTML = (i_pagingCount+1)+'&nbsp;';
							o_pagingDiv.appendChild(o_activePage);
						}
						else
						{
							o_pageLink = document.createElement('a');
							o_pageLink.innerHTML = (i_pagingCount+1);
							o_pageLink.style.marginRight = '3px';
							o_pageLink.href = "#"+(i_pagingCount+1);
							o_pageLink.gotoIndex = i_index;
							o_pageLink.onclick = function()
							{
								i_startIndex = this.gotoIndex;
								timerime_createTimelineList();
								return false;
							};
							o_pagingDiv.appendChild(o_pageLink);
						}
						i_pagingCount++;
					}
					o_pagingAddedDiv.appendChild(o_pagingDiv);

					if((i_startIndex + i_maxPP) >= i_sourceLength)
					{
						o_nextLink = document.createElement('span');
						o_nextLink.style.color = "gray";
					}
					else
					{
						o_nextLink = document.createElement('a');
						o_nextLink.href = '#next';
						o_nextLink.onclick = function()
						{
							i_startIndex += i_maxPP;
							timerime_createTimelineList();
							return false;
						};
					}
					o_nextLink.innerHTML = 'next >>';
					o_nextLink.style.cssFloat = "left";
					o_nextLink.style.styleFloat = "left";

					o_pagingAddedDiv.appendChild(o_nextLink);
					a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0].appendChild(o_pagingAddedDiv);
				}

				if(b_ordering == 1)
				{
					o_sortingDiv = document.createElement('div');
					o_sortingDiv.style.clear = "both";
					o_sortingDiv.style.height = "35px";
					o_sortingDiv.style.marginLeft = "10px";
					o_sortingDiv.className = "pagingDiv";

					o_sortingDivPre = document.createElement('div');
					o_sortingDivPre.style.cssFloat = "left";
					o_sortingDivPre.style.styleFloat = "left";
					o_sortingDivPre.style.width = "70px";
					o_sortingDivPre.innerHTML = "Sorteer op:";
					o_sortingDiv.appendChild(o_sortingDivPre);
					o_sortingDivChoices = document.createElement('div');
					o_sortingDivChoices.style.cssFloat = "left";
					o_sortingDivChoices.style.styleFloat = "left";

					for(s_sortOption in a_timerime_ordering)
					{
						o_sortOption = document.createElement('a');
						o_sortOption.href = "#"+s_sortOption;
						o_sortOption.innerHTML = a_timerime_ordering_translations[s_sortOption];
						o_sortOption.sortBy = s_sortOption;
						o_sortOption.onclick = function()
						{
							s_sortBy = this.sortBy;
							i_startIndex = 0;
							timerime_createTimelineList();
							return false;
						};
						if(s_sortBy == s_sortOption)
						{
							o_sortOption.style.fontWeight = "bold";
						}
						o_sortingDivChoices.appendChild(o_sortOption);
						o_sortingDivChoices.appendChild(document.createElement('br'));
					}

					o_sortingDiv.appendChild(o_sortingDivChoices);
					a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0].appendChild(o_sortingDiv);
				}
				a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][1] = document.createElement('ul');
				a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][1].setAttribute('id','timerimeListContainer' + s_splitValue);
			}

			var s_title = o_xml.getElementsByTagName('title')[0].firstChild.data;
			var o_timeline = timerime_createTimelineSideBarLi(i_tlId);
			if(b_timerime_images_in_list == 1)
			{
				if(o_xml.getElementsByTagName('resized_image')[0].firstChild)
				{
					var s_resizedImage = o_xml.getElementsByTagName('resized_image')[0].firstChild.data;
					if(s_resizedImage != "")
					{
						var o_resizedImage = document.createElement('img');
						o_resizedImage.src = "http://www.timerime.com"+s_resizedImage;
						o_timeline.appendChild(o_resizedImage);
					}
				}
			}
			o_timeline.appendChild(timerime_createTimelineLink(i_tlId,s_title));

			a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][1].appendChild(o_timeline);
			i_displayCount++;
		}

		for(s_splitValue in a_splitNodes)
		{
			a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0].appendChild(a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][1]);
			o_content.appendChild(a_splitNodes[s_splitValue][0]);
		}

		document.getElementById('timerimeContentContainer').appendChild(o_content);

	}
}

function timerime_init()
{	
	timerime_loadCSS('http://indienl.timerime.com/stylesheets/style2.css');
	timerime_loadCSS('http://www.timerime.com/stylesheets/embed_gallery.css');
	var s_location = document.location.toString();
	if(!s_location.match(/http(s?):\/\/(test01.en.nationaalarchief.nl|indieen.timerime.com|www.en.afscheidvanindie.nl)(.*)/i))
	{
		alert('Invalid embed source, please contact TimeRime');
		return false;
	}	
	
	var s_timerime_swfname = "timerimeSWF.swf";
	if(s_alternative_timerime_swf != '')
	{
		s_timerime_swfname = s_alternative_timerime_swf;
	}
	
	var s_timerime_location = 'http://www.timerime.com/flash/'+s_timerime_swfname+'?Qxml=' + i_timerime_timelineId + '&hashcode=622fb4b8-f154-48a7-aec2-da63154bc4dc&location=' + s_location;

	document.write('<div id="timerimeContainer"><div id="timerimeFlash">');
	document.write('<object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" class="" width="735" height="347" name="timerimeSWF" id="timerimeSWF" align="middle">');
	document.write('<param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" />');
	document.write('<param name="movie" value="' + s_timerime_location + '" />');
	document.write('<param name="quality" value="high" />');
	document.write('<param name="wmode" value="transparent" />');

	document.write('<embed src="' + s_timerime_location + '" quality="high" wmode="transparent" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="735" height="347" id="timerimeSWF" name="timerimeSWF" align="middle" allowScriptAccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" />');
	document.write('</object>');

	document.write('</div></div>');

	var a_elementStructure = new Object();

	a_elementStructure['timerimeContainer'] =[['div','timerimeTabContainer'],['div','timerimeContentContainer']];

	a_elementStructure['timerimeTabContainer'] = [['div','timerimeBrowseContainer'],['div','timerimeTabs']];

	a_elementStructure['timerimeTabs'] = [['a','timerimeTabTimeline'],['span','timerimeTabSpacer'],['a','timerimeTabItem']];
	a_elementStructure['timerimeContentContainer'] = [['div','timerimeTimelineContainer'],['div','timerimeItemContainer']];
	a_elementStructure['timerimeTimelineContainer'] = [['h1','timerimeTimelineHeader'],['div','timerimeTimelineContent']];
	a_elementStructure['timerimeItemContainer'] = [['h1','timerimeItemHeader'],['div','timerimeItemContent']];
	
	timerime_createStructure('timerimeContainer',a_elementStructure);
	
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabSpacer').appendChild(document.createTextNode(' - '));

	document.getElementById('timerimeTabTimeline').setAttribute('href','#');
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabTimeline').onclick = function ()
					{
						timerime_showTimelineInfo();
						return false;

					};

	document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').setAttribute('href','#');
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').onclick = function ()
					{
						timerime_showTimelineItemInfo();
						return false;

					};

	timerime_createTimelineList();

	timerime_parseXML(i_timerime_timelineId,true);
}

function reposition(nHeight)
{
	nHeight += "px";
	document.getElementById("timerimeFlash").style.height = nHeight;
	timerime_swf("timerimeSWF").style.height = nHeight;
}


function timerime_swf(s_name)
{
	var a_possibleObjects = [document[s_name],window[s_name]];
	var m_retVal = false;
	for(var i_object = 0;i_object < a_possibleObjects.length;i_object++)
	{
		var a_object = a_possibleObjects[i_object];
		if(typeof(a_object) == 'object' || typeof(a_object) == 'function')
		{
			m_retVal = a_object;
			break;
		}
	}
	return m_retVal;

}


function timerime_loadTimeline(i_timelineId)
{
	i_timerime_timelineId = i_timelineId;
	timerime_swf("timerimeSWF").goHome(i_timelineId);
	timerime_parseXML(i_timelineId,true);

}

function timerime_createTimelineLink(i_timelineId,s_title)
{
	var o_href = document.createElement('a');
	o_href.setAttribute('href','#');

	o_href.onclick = function ()
		{
			timerime_loadTimeline(i_timelineId);
			return false;
		};
	o_href.appendChild(document.createTextNode(s_title));

	return o_href;

}

function timerime_createTimelineSideBarLi(i_timelineId)
{
	var o_li = document.createElement('li');

	o_li.onclick = function ()
		{
			timerime_loadTimeline(i_timelineId);
			return false;
		};

	return o_li;
}

function timerime_showTimelineInfo(b_initCall)
{

	document.getElementById('timerimeItemContainer').style.display = 'none';
	document.getElementById('timerimeTimelineContainer').style.display = 'block';
	document.getElementById('timerimeBrowseContainer').style.display = 'none';
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabTimeline').className = 'timerimeTabSelected';
	if(b_initCall && b_hide_first_item == 1)
	{
		document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').className = 'init_hidden';
	}
	else
	{
		document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').className = '';
	}

}

function timerime_showTimelineItemInfo(b_skipFlashCall)
{
	//timerime_swf("timerimeSWF").selectItem(a_timerime_itemTimeline[i_timerime_currentItemId],i_timerime_currentItemId);



	document.getElementById('timerimeItemContainer').style.display = 'block';
	document.getElementById('timerimeTimelineContainer').style.display = 'none';
	document.getElementById('timerimeBrowseContainer').style.display = 'block';
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabTimeline').className = '';
	document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').className = 'timerimeTabSelected';
}

function showTimelineItem(i_itemId, b_onlyFill, b_handleFlash)
{

	i_timerime_currentItemId = i_itemId;
	i_itemTimelineId = a_timerime_itemTimeline[i_itemId];
	if(i_itemTimelineId != i_timerime_timelineId)
	{
		timerime_parseXML(i_itemTimelineId);
		i_timerime_timelineId = i_itemTimelineId;
	}

	if(b_handleFlash == true)
	{		
		if(typeof(timerime_swf("timerimeSWF").selectItem) == 'function')
		{	
			timerime_swf("timerimeSWF").selectItem(i_itemTimelineId,i_itemId);
		}
	}
	//document.getElementById('timerimeItemContainer').innerHTML = '';
	if(b_onlyFill != true)
	{
		timerime_showTimelineItemInfo(true);
	}
	var a_item = a_timerime_items[i_itemId];
	var i_index = -1;
	for (var i=0; i < a_timerime_itemIds.length; i++)
	{
		if (a_timerime_itemIds[i] == i_itemId)
		{
			i_index = i;
		}
	}


	var o_linkContainer = document.getElementById('timerimeBrowseContainer');
	o_linkContainer.innerHTML = '';

	if(a_timerime_itemIds[i_index - 1])
	{
		var i_prevId = a_timerime_itemIds[i_index - 1];

		o_linkContainer.appendChild(timerime_createBrowseLink('prev',i_prevId,'Previous'));
	}
	if(a_timerime_itemIds[i_index + 1])
	{
		var i_nextId = a_timerime_itemIds[i_index + 1];

		o_linkContainer.appendChild(timerime_createBrowseLink('next',i_nextId,'Next'));
	}


	document.getElementById('timerimeTabItem').innerHTML = a_item['title'];
	document.getElementById('timerimeItemHeader').innerHTML = '';
	document.getElementById('timerimeItemHeader').appendChild(document.createTextNode(a_item['title']));

	var s_date = a_item['start_date'];
	if(a_item['end_date'])
	{
		s_date += ' - ' + a_item['end_date']
	}

	var o_date = document.createElement('span');
	o_date.setAttribute('class','timerimeItemDate');
	o_date.innerHTML = s_date;

	var o_content = document.createElement('span');
	o_content.innerHTML = "" + a_item['content'];

	document.getElementById('timerimeItemContent').innerHTML = "";

	document.getElementById('timerimeItemContent').appendChild(o_date);
	document.getElementById('timerimeItemContent').appendChild(o_content);
	
	if(a_item['photos'])
	{
		document.getElementById('timerimeItemContent').appendChild(timerime_photoGallery(a_item['photos']));
	}
}
function timerime_photoGallery(a_photos)
{
	// Create gallery object
	var o_timerimeGallery = document.createElement('div');
	o_timerimeGallery.className = 'timerime_gallery';
	
	// Create vars for scrolling
	o_timerimeGallery.i_thumbHeight = 80;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_scrollSteps = 30;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_holdScrollSteps = 3;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_scrollWidth = 450;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_thumbPadding = 6;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_scrollPos = 0;
	o_timerimeGallery.i_imageTotalWidth = 0;
	o_timerimeGallery.o_mousedownTimer = false;
	
	// Create functions for scrolling
	o_timerimeGallery.scrollImages = function (i_direction, i_step)
	{	
		// Click on LEFT
		if(i_direction == 'left')
		{	
			if(this.i_scrollPos <= 0)
			{
				this.i_scrollPos += i_step;	
				if(this.i_scrollPos > 0)
				{
					this.i_scrollPos = 0;
				}
				this.o_timerimeGalleryUL.style.left = this.i_scrollPos + 'px';
				return true;
			}
			else
			{
				return false;
			}
		}
		// Click on RIGHT
		else
		{
			if(this.i_scrollPos >= (this.i_scrollWidth - this.i_imageTotalWidth))
			{
				this.i_scrollPos -= i_step;
				if(this.i_scrollPos < (this.i_scrollWidth - this.i_imageTotalWidth))
				{
					this.i_scrollPos = (this.i_scrollWidth - this.i_imageTotalWidth);
				}
				this.o_timerimeGalleryUL.style.left = this.i_scrollPos + 'px';
				return true;
			}
			else
			{
				return false;
			}		
		}
		
		return false;
	};

	o_timerimeGallery.holdScrollImages = function (i_direction, i_step)
	{
		clearTimeout(this.o_mousedownTimer);
		this.o_mousedownTimer = setTimeout(function () {
			if(o_timerimeGallery.scrollImages(i_direction, i_step))
			{
				o_timerimeGallery.holdScrollImages(i_direction, i_step);
			}
		}, 75);
	};
	
	// Create gallery UL container
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryULContainer = document.createElement('div');
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryULContainer.className = 'timerime_ul_container';
	o_clearBr = document.createElement('br');
	o_clearBr.style.clear = 'both';
	
	// Create gallery UL
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryUL = document.createElement('ul');
		
	// Create left and right arrow
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow = document.createElement('img');
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.src = 'http://www.timerime.com/images/arrow_left.jpg';
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.className = 'timerime_left_arrow';
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onclick = function() 
	{
		o_timerimeGallery.scrollImages('left', o_timerimeGallery.i_scrollSteps);		
	};	
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmousedown = function() 
	{
		o_timerimeGallery.holdScrollImages('left', o_timerimeGallery.i_holdScrollSteps);
		
	};	
	
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow = document.createElement('img');
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.src = 'http://www.timerime.com/images/arrow_right.jpg';
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.className = 'timerime_right_arrow';
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.onclick = function() 
	{
		o_timerimeGallery.scrollImages('right', o_timerimeGallery.i_scrollSteps);		
	};	
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.onmousedown = function() 
	{
		o_timerimeGallery.holdScrollImages('right', o_timerimeGallery.i_holdScrollSteps);		
	};	
	
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmouseup = function() 
	{
		if(o_timerimeGallery.o_mousedownTimer)
		{
			clearTimeout(o_timerimeGallery.o_mousedownTimer);
		}
	};
	o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmouseout = o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmouseup;
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.onmouseup = o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmouseup;
	o_timerimeGallery.o_rightArrow.onmouseout = o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow.onmouseup;
	
	// Create gallery preview
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreview = document.createElement('div');
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreview.className = 'timerime_gallery_preview';
	
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreviewPhoto = document.createElement('img');
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreviewText = document.createElement('p');
	
	// Store LI and photo elements in these arrays
	o_timerimeGallery.a_galleryLI = new Array();
	o_timerimeGallery.a_galleryPhoto = new Array();
	
	// Append the preview photo and text element
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreview.appendChild(o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreviewPhoto);
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreview.appendChild(o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreviewText);
	
	// Append the preview
	o_timerimeGallery.appendChild(o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryPreview);
	
	// Append the left arrow		
	o_timerimeGallery.o_timerimeGalleryULContainer.appendChild(o_timerimeGallery.o_leftArrow);
	
	// Append the UL
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function timerime_createBrowseLink(s_type, i_itemId,s_text)
{
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}

function timerime_stringToXML(s_xml)
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function timerime_parseXML(i_timelineId, b_firstCall)
{
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}
var s_timerime_xml = '';

var a_timerime_xmls = new Object();
var a_timerime_ordering = new Object();
var a_timerime_ordering_translations = new Object();

a_timerime_xmls[37033] = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <timeline><user_id>436</user_id><username>Nationaal Archief</username><title>Farewell to the Indies</title><content>&lt;p&gt;Events from the 1940s relating to the independence of the Dutch Indies.&lt;/p&gt;</content><resized_image>/upload/resized/436/37033/main.jpg</resized_image><resized_image2></resized_image2><item id="104785"><content>After the German invasion of the Netherlands, authorities in the Dutch East Indies arrested a total of almost 2,800 men, including members of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), Germans, Austrians and other \'enemy nationals\'. This group also included people from Poland, Denmark, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France and Yugoslavia. The Germans arrested were not only Nazi party members but also German Jews, political refugees from Germany and German-occupied territories and even German-born naturalised Dutch citizens. Another group included the crews of German merchant vessels that had taken refuge in the then-neutral harbours of the East Indies since August 1939. 147 German women and their children were interned in a Java camp. Starting in July 1940, the men were transferred to Lawé Sigala-gala internment camp in Sumatra. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.05.80, inv. no. 656, 657, 658, 659, 661, 664, 665, 1118 and 1124.</content><start_date>10-05-1940</start_date><title>Internments</title></item><item id="104786"><content>Between 12 September 1940 and 17 June 1941 a number of Japanese delegations came to Batavia to negotiate with Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary H.J. van Mook for significant increases in exports of petroleum and other resources to Japan. In January 1941 the Japanese increased their demands with the goal of annexing the Dutch East Indies into their \'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\'. On 19 September 1940 Japan had declared that it wished to build up an economic sphere of influence from which it would be able to import all of its necessary resources. The area of this Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere included Australia, Burma, British Borneo, China, the Philippines, French Indochina, Malacca, the Dutch East Indies, New Zealand, Thailand and all of the islands located in the Western Pacific Ocean. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.05.80, inv. no. 279</content><start_date>12-09-1940</start_date><title>Negotiations</title></item><item id="104787"><content>In Berlin, Germany, Italy and Japan agreed to the Tripartite Pact, in which Germany and Italy recognised Japan as the leader of the New Order in Asia, and Japan recognised Germany and Italy as the leaders of the New Order in Europe. The countries also agreed to support one another politically, economically and militarily in the event that one of them should be attacked by a country with which it was not at war. This term was meant as a deterrent against the United States, as Germany and Italy were already at war with the UK, and the Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression pact with Germany.</content><start_date>27-09-1940</start_date><title>Tripartite Pact</title></item><item id="104788"><content>In Singapore, military delegations from the Dutch East Indies, Great Britain, Australia and the United States agreed on a common response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia. Three staff conferences were held before the outbreak of war. Only the British and Dutch military delegations participated in the first conference, which took place in November 1940. By the second conference, from 22 to 25 February 1941, Australia had joined as well, and America had sent a delegation to act as an observer. All four countries sent delegations to the third staff conference from 21 to 27 April 1941.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o.&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21,  inv. no. 54, 186, 187, 194, 514, 521, 555, 641, 647, 667, 781, 792, 798, 804 and 805&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.132,  inv. no. 1495</content><start_date>26-11-1940</start_date><end_date>29-11-1940</end_date><title>Staff Conferences</title></item><item id="104789"><content>Japan demanded that the Dutch East Indies join the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and dramatically increase the export of raw materials. On 6 June the Colonial Government definitively rejected the Japanese demands.</content><start_date>16-01-1941</start_date><title>Japanese Demands</title></item><item id="104790"><content>Japan and the Soviet Union signed a five-year treaty of neutrality in Moscow. The treaty required each of the parties to remain neutral if the other came into conflict with a third country.</content><start_date>13-04-1941</start_date><title>Treaty of Neutrality</title></item><item id="104791"><content>The Vichy government in France agreed to the Japanese demand to station troops across Indochina. On 26 September 1940 Japanese troops occupied Tonkin, the northern part of French Indochina. On 25 July 1941 the Japanese began moving more than 185,000 soldiers into Cochin China, the southern part of the French colony. This move gave Japan a base from which to launch military operations against Malacca and the Dutch East Indies, as both were within range of Japanese bombers based near Saigon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 20</content><start_date>25-07-1941</start_date><title>Indochina</title></item><item id="104792"><content>The American government reacted to the Japanese occupation of southern Indochina by declaring a general embargo on all trade with Japan and by freezing all Japanese accounts in American banks. Starting on 1 August 1941, Japan was faced with a total embargo on the export of crude oil and petrol from the United States. The British government soon followed suit, and on 28 July the government of the Dutch East Indies joined the embargo as well. The American government began strengthening the defences of the Philippines with modern B-17 bombers and P-40 fighters. All American and Filipino troops in the archipelago were placed under a central command: the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), commanded by Douglas MacArthur, who at that moment was serving as the Military Advisor to the Filipino Government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 20</content><start_date>26-07-1941</start_date><title>Embargo</title></item><item id="104793"><content>From 9 to 10 August, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met for a summit meeting in Placentia Bay, near the Canadian island of Newfoundland. The summit concluded with the drafting of the Atlantic Charter, in which the two men formulated their vision of a post-war world. The third article of the Charter states: \'Third, they [the United States and the United Kingdom] respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them.\'</content><start_date>14-08-1941</start_date><title>Atlantic Charter</title></item><item id="104794"><content>The cabinet of Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro fell due to the failure of his attempts, from July to October 1941, to convince the United States to ease or repeal the embargo. Emperor Hirohito asked Tojo Hideki to form a new government. Tojo, who had been Army Minister in the Konoe cabinet, was the leader of the pro-war faction.</content><start_date>16-10-1941</start_date><title>Konoe</title></item><item id="104795"><content>Emperor Hirohito approved the detailed plans for war presented to him by the Japanese Army and Navy. If diplomatic efforts had not produced results by 1 December 1941, Japan would go to war against the United States, the United Kingdom and the Dutch East Indies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 21, 22 and 26</content><start_date>05-11-1941</start_date><title>Decision to go to War</title></item><item id="104796"><content>In a confidential document, the United States called on Japan to withdraw all of its forces from China and Indochina. The document, entitled \'Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan\', did not mention a deadline for the withdrawal, but Prime Minister Tojo interprets the American appeal as an ultimatum against Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no.  22 and 26</content><start_date>26-11-1941</start_date><title>Appeal</title></item><item id="104797"><content>Almost simultaneously and without a declaration of war, Japanese land and sea forces attacked Malacca, Hawaii, Hong Kong and the Philippines. Japanese carrier-borne aircraft attacked the American Pacific Fleet at its base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In December 1941, the Pacific Fleet included nine battleships and three aircraft carriers. Five of the battleships were sunk in the attack, and three were heavily damaged, but none of the carriers were in Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack. In total, 18 American ships were knocked out of action, 188 American aircraft were destroyed and 128 were damaged. A total of 2,403 Americans were killed in the attack, and a further 1,178 were wounded. The Japanese losses in the attack were 29 aircraft and six submarines, with a total of 185 men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no.  21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 799</content><start_date>07-12-1941</start_date><title>War</title></item><item id="104798"><content>Governor-General Tjarda Van Starkenborgh Stachouwer announced that the Netherlands were now at war with Japan. The government declared a general mobilisation and arrested Japanese nationals and pro-Japanese Indonesians.</content><start_date>08-12-1941</start_date><title>Declaration of War</title></item><item id="104799"><content>The British battle cruiser HMS Repulse and the battleship HMS Prince of Wales were sunk in the Gulf of Siam by 85 Japanese Army Air Force bombers. 840 British sailors lost their lives in the attack. The loss of the Prince of Wales was a great shock, as naval circles had assumed that a modern battleship would be able to defend itself against aircraft. The sinking of HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales eliminated the only capital ships from the British Eastern Fleet.</content><start_date>10-12-1941</start_date><title>Repulse and Prince of Wales</title></item><item id="104800"><content>The Dutch submarine O16, which had been on patrol in the South China Sea, sank following an explosion that was probably caused by a Japanese mine. The O16 was on its first combat patrol and was commanded by Lieutenant A.J. Bussemaker, the commander of the First Submarine Division. 41 crew members lost their lives in the explosion, and only Quartermaster C. de Wolf survived. The O16 earned recognition for its actions off the coast of Malacca on 12 December, where it torpedoed four Japanese transports: the Tosan Maru, Sakura Maru, Asosan Maru and Ayata Maru. Bussemaker was posthumously awarded the Military William Order (MWO4) for the action.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.12.44, inv. no. 33 and 34</content><start_date>15-12-1941</start_date><title>O16</title></item><item id="104801"><content>A force of approximately 300 Australian and 600 Dutch soldiers commanded by Lt. Col. N.L.W. van Straten landed in Dili, the capital of Portuguese Timor, to prevent the almost defenceless northern part of the island from falling to the Japanese. On 20 February 1942, 3,650 Japanese landed at Kupang and Dili. The corvette HMAS Armidale, which was bringing reinforcements to the island, was attacked and sunk by Japanese aircraft. In December 1942, the last 190 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army soldiers were evacuated to Australia, and the last Australian troops followed on 11 February 1943. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in.:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 671, 694 and 695&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 457, 458 and 459</content><start_date>17-12-1941</start_date><title>Portuguese Timor</title></item><item id="104802"><content>From 22 December 1941 to 14 January 1942, the Arcadia Conference was held in Washington D.C. During the conference, the United States and Great Britain decided upon a common strategy for dealing with the Axis powers: the Europe First strategy. This strategy meant that the war against Japan was to be given a lower priority than the war against Germany, as the latter was considered to be a more dangerous opponent. In the first month of 1942, Washington and London were concerned that the Germans might gain the upper hand in their struggle against the Soviet Union. Only after Germany was defeated would the United States be able to concentrate their efforts on fighting Japan.</content><start_date>22-12-1941</start_date><title>Europe First</title></item><item id="104803"><content>At the Arcadia Conference in Washington D.C. the Allies decided to place the defence of Southeast Asia under a single unified American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM). The most important task for ABDACOM was to prevent Japan from breaking through the so-called Malay barrier; an imaginary line running from South Sumatra and Singapore through Java to New Guinea and Northern Australia. The Dutch East Indian government was not consulted about the formation of ABDACOM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 509, 510, 523, 532, 539, 562, 646 and 806</content><start_date>28-12-1941</start_date><title>ABDACOM</title></item><item id="104804"><content>The Dutch Government in London appointed H.J. van Mook Lieutenant Governor-General, second-in-command to the Governor-General. The appointment was made at the request of Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer. Van Mook had made a name for himself in the Dutch East Indies with the way he had managed to handle the difficult economic negotiations with Japan from September 1940 to July 1941.</content><start_date>01-01-1942</start_date><title>Van Mook</title></item><item id="104805"><content>British General Sir Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief of India, was promoted to Supreme Commander of ABDACOM and arrived in Batavia on 10 January. ABDACOM became operational on 15 January, and its headquarters moved to the Grand Hotel Lembang in Bandung. Wavell\'s subordinates included his Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pownall, American Admiral Thomas C. Hart for the naval forces, British Air Vice-Marshall Sir Richard E.C. Peirse for the air forces and Dutch Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten from the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army as land forces commander. American Major General Lewis H. Brereton served as temporary air forces commander until Peirse arrived on the scene.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information o.a in.:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. nr 646</content><start_date>03-01-1942</start_date><title>Wavell</title></item><item id="104806"><content>Japanese ground forces and paratroopers occupied the Minahasa in Northern Celebes. The Japanese Sakaguchi Detachment, totalling almost 6,000 men, invaded the oil-rich island of Tarakan off the coast of Eastern Borneo. Tarakan was defended by a Royal Netherlands East Indies Army garrison of 1,354 men. Before the Japanese landed, the defenders carried out a thorough scorched-earth plan: all of the oil installations were destroyed and 100,000 barrels of fuel oil were set alight. The Dutch territorial commander, Lt. Col. S. de Waal, surrendered along with his men on 12 January. The minelayer HNLMS Prins van Oranje attempted to escape from Tarakan, but was sunk in the Celebes Sea by the destroyer Yamakaze and patrol boat 38.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information about Tarakan a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no.  652&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 444 and 445</content><start_date>11-01-1942</start_date><title>Minahassa and Tarakan</title></item><item id="104807"><content>S.S. Van Imhoff was carrying 473 German prisoners and NSB members from Sumatra to British India when it was bombed by a Japanese reconnaissance plane. The ship began to take on water, and the crew and guards abandoned her, leaving the prisoners with insufficient lifesaving equipment. Over 300 died as a result. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.05.80, inv. no. 1118</content><start_date>19-01-1942</start_date><title>Van Imhoff</title></item><item id="104808"><content>Japanese troops landed in South Celebes and occupied the strategically vital airfield of Kendari II, placing Ambon and Java within the range of their bombers. On 24 January Japanese forces went ashore near the oil town of Balikpapan in Borneo. The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army garrison there, commanded by Lt. Col. C. van den Hoogenband, totalled approximately 1,200 men. Before the Japanese were able to reach the city, they managed to destroy the BPM oil installations, which produced 1.2 million barrels of petroleum each year. Van den Hoogenband and part of the garrison managed to reach the airfield of Samarinda II in the island\'s interior; from there they were evacuated to Java. By 26 January, Balikpapan was completely under Japanese control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 448</content><start_date>24-01-1942</start_date><title>Kendari and Balikpapan</title></item><item id="104809"><content>On 19 December 1941 the Japanese carried out a heavy air attack on Pontianak. The attacks led the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army forces to evacuate the Singkawang II airfield on 25 December. On 27 January Japanese troops landed at Pamangkat and Singakawang on the west coast of Borneo. Three days earlier, on 24 January, Japanese units had crossed the border with British Borneo on their way to Bengkajang. They finally occupied Pontianak on 31 January.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 666</content><start_date>27-01-1942</start_date><title>West-Borneo</title></item><item id="104810"><content>High Command decided to take extra measures for the defence of Ambon. The islands airfield and natural harbour made it a strategic location for an auxiliary naval base in addition tot those at Surabaya and Darwin. The defenders totalled 1,500 Dutch troops and an Australian infantry battalion of 1,200 men. On 31 January 5,750 Japanese soldiers and marines landed on the northern coast at Hitu and the southern coast of the Laitimor peninsula. On 1 February the territorial commander of Ambon, Lt. Col. J.L.R. Kapitz, was captured together with his staff. The Australian troops surrendered on 2 February. The last Royal Netherlands East Indies Army units only surrendered five days later, on 7 February.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 686, 687, 688, 689, 697, 701 and 705,&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 456,&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.132,inv. no. 1492</content><start_date>31-01-1942</start_date><title>Ambon</title></item><item id="104811"><content>Japanese troops landed in Makassar, South Celebes. The Royal Netherlands Dutch Indies Army units retreated to positions in the interior, but their plan to begin a guerrilla campaign was hindered by opposition from the native population. On 6 March the territorial commander, Colonel M. Vooren, surrendered to the Japanese, and the last Royal Netherlands East Indies Army units surrendered on 27 March.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 190&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 447</content><start_date>08-02-1942</start_date><title>Makassar</title></item><item id="104812"><content>Japanese troops occupied Bandjermasin in Southern Borneo. 25 km south-east of this city was Ulin airfield, a potential strategic base for Japanese aircraft taking part in the air offensive over Java. On 27 January Ulin was hit by a heavy air raid. All nine of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Glenn Martin bombers based there were destroyed in the attack. Japanese forces captured Banjermasin on 10 February.</content><start_date>10-02-1942</start_date><title>Bandjermasin</title></item><item id="104813"><content>Approximately 600 Japanese paratroopers made an airborne assault over the two oil refineries near Palembang and the nearby Palembang I airfield. Although the Japanese troops were largely driven out of the refineries, the Dutch defenders were unable to complete the planned destruction of the complex. A Japanese transport fleet sailed up the Musi river to attack the city and on 15, 16 and 17 February, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army units, English soldiers and the Australian reinforcements who had arrived on 14 February were evacuated to Java via Oosthaven in southern Sumatra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 665&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 438</content><start_date>14-02-1942</start_date><title>Palembang</title></item><item id="104814"><content>Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, General Officer Commanding the British, Indian, Malaysian and Australian troops in Malacca, surrendered to Lieutenant General Yamashita Tomoyuki, commander of the 25th Army. The surrender completed the Japanese conquest of the Malay Peninsula after a 69 day campaign. The fall of the \'impregnable fortress\' of Singapore was the greatest defeat in British military history. Out of 140,000 soldiers stationed there, 9,000 were killed and 130,000 were taken prisoner. The Japanese army lost 3,500 of the 55,000 soldiers who had taken part in the campaign. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 26, 27 and 28</content><start_date>15-02-1942</start_date><title>Singapore</title></item><item id="104815"><content>After the fall of Singapore and the Japanese landing in Southern Sumatra, General Wavell decided not to allow the Australian 6th and 7th Divisions to land in Java. These two divisions, which were then in convoy on their way from the Middle East, would not be combat-ready in time to take part in the battle for Java. The advance guard of the 7th Division would reach Java on 1 March, and the rest of the division would arrive no sooner than the middle of the month. The 6th Division was not expected until the end of March.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 660</content><start_date>16-02-1942</start_date><title>Australians</title></item><item id="104816"><content>Around 2,000 Japanese soldiers landed near Sanur, on the southern coast of Bali, and quickly occupied the airfield. There were no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army units on the island, only a native militia unit numbering 600 men. During the night of 20-21 February, Allied naval forces attacked the Japanese transports and their destroyer escorts. During the first attack, the Japanese sunk the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Piet Hein. In the second attack, the light cruiser HNLMS Tromp suffered heavy damage. Three of the Japanese destroyers were damaged, one of them heavily, but none of the transports were lost. The battle of Badung Strait was the first major sea action the Dutch navy had participated in since 1816.</content><start_date>18-02-1942</start_date><title>Bali</title></item><item id="104817"><content>The port town of Darwin in Northern Australia was the target of two heavy Japanese air raids. In the morning, naval aircraft from four Japanese carriers attacked the harbour and the airfield, followed by a second attack by Army Air Force bombers flying from recently-conquered airfields in Ambon and South Celebes later that same morning. Eight ships were sunk in the attack, and 243 people were killed. The Japanese attack caused a furor in Australia and gave the impression that an invasion was at hand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 680</content><start_date>19-02-1942</start_date><title>Darwin</title></item><item id="104818"><content>The rapid Japanese advance, the fall of Singapore and the lack of reinforcements led Wavell to conclude that Java could not be defended. He requested and received permission to disband ABDACOM and to leave the island with his staff. From 25 February, the defence of Java was to be left to the Dutch. All British, Australian and American forces that had not yet left the island were placed under the operational command of General Headquarters in Bandung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 790 and 806</content><start_date>25-02-1942</start_date><title>ABDACOM</title></item><item id="104819"><content>An Allied striking force led by Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, composed of two heavy and three light cruisers and nine destroyers, made contact with a Japanese squadron of three heavy and two light cruisers and 14 destroyers. The Japanese ships were escorting a convoy of transports on their way to Eastern Java. Doorman attempted to break through the escorts to the transport fleet, but was unsuccessful. The heavy cruiser HMS Exeter sustained damage and had to withdraw from the line of battle. Doorman, leading the attack from his flagship HNLMS De Ruyter, saw that the rest of the fleet was following the British cruisers unexpected change of course. In order to restore the line of battle, Doorman gave his famous signal: \'All ships follow me.\' The Battle of the Java Sea ended with a serious defeat for the Allies. The light cruisers HNLMS Java and De Ruyter, the destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer and the British destroyers HMS Electra and Jupiter were all lost. The Japanese did not lose a single ship, but the Japanese naval command decided to delay the landing in Java for 24 hours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.37,  inv. no. 160</content><start_date>27-02-1942</start_date><end_date>28-02-1942</end_date><title>Java Sea</title></item><item id="104820"><content>On their way from Tanjung Priok to Tjilatjap, Australian light cruiser HMAS Perth and American heavy cruiser USS Houston unexpectedly came across the Japanese invasion fleet headed for Western Java in Bantam Bay. Both ships were sunk in the course of a fierce battle. The destroyer HNLMS Evertsen attempted to escape, but Japanese ships found it in Sunda Strait and set it afire. The Evertsen is set aground off an island in Lampong Bay and abandoned by the crew. The fire eventually reached the aft, causing an explosion that destroyed the ship.</content><start_date>01-03-1942</start_date><title>Sunda Strait</title></item><item id="104821"><content>More than 20,000 soldiers of the Second Division of the Japanese 16th Army carried out amphibious landings in Western Java. The first landing took place at 23:00 on 28 February on the west coast of Bantam Bay. This was followed by two landings at Merak at 00:15 and 00:30. Other Japanese forces landed at Eretan Wetan at 02:00. The Sato Detachment advanced from Merak towards Batavia via Serang and Tangerang, reaching the capital on 5 March. The Dutch Colonial Government had declared Batavia an open city, and it was not defended. The Shoji Detachment advanced along Pamanukan and Suban and took the strategically vital airfield of Kalidjati on the first day. Japanese fighters arrived from Sumatra that same day, and a day later the Japanese 3rd Army Air Force began operations from Kalidjati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 531, 663, 651 and 803</content><start_date>01-03-1942</start_date><title>Java landings</title></item><item id="104822"><content>Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer transferred command of all forces in the Dutch East Indies to Lt. Gen. H. ter Poorten (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army) and Rear Admiral J.J.A. van Staveren (Navy).&lt;br /&gt; The Government in London had informed the Governor-General that he was not authorised to sign a declaration of surrender; that decision was to be made in London. In so doing, the Cabinet hoped to keep open the legal option of continuing a guerrilla war against the Japanese.</content><start_date>04-03-1942</start_date><title>Transfer of Command</title></item><item id="104823"><content>Vice-Admiral Helfrich, who had escaped to Ceylon on 2 March under orders from the Governor-General, was named Bevelhebber der Strijdkrachten in het Oosten (Commander of Eastern Forces - BSO). The position was purely administrative - Helfrich held no further operational commands for the remainder of the war.</content><start_date>05-03-1942</start_date><title>Helfrich BSO</title></item><item id="104824"><content>Approximately 3,000 Japanese soldiers from the Shoji Detachment attacked and penetrated the Tjiater Line, which covered the northern approaches to the Bandung Plateau. The Japanese lost approximately 200 dead and wounded in the battle. When Lembang fell to the Japanese on 7 March, Major General J.J. Pesman, commander of the Bandung district, requested a cease-fire. The next morning, Pesman and Colonel Shoji met in Hotel Isola to discuss terms. On 9 March the Shoji Detachment entered Bandung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 446</content><start_date>06-03-1942</start_date><title>Tjiater Line</title></item><item id="104826"><content>On 7 March the S.S. Poelau Bras was attacked and sunk by aircraft from the Japanese carrier Hiryu. The ship was evacuating civilians, employees of Stoomvaartmaatschappij Nederland (Dutch Steamship Company) and naval personnel. The estimated death toll was 240 to 280 people, including Rear Admiral J.J.A. van Staveren. Only 116 survivors were rescued.</content><start_date>07-03-1942</start_date><title>Poelau Bras</title></item><item id="104825"><content>Under orders from the Governor-General, a group of East Indies experts were evacuated to Australia, where they were expected to represent the interests of the occupied Dutch East Indies for the remainder of the war. The group set up by Lieutenant Governor-General H.J. van Mook included Ch.O. van der Plas and R.A.A. Soejono (members of the Council of the Indies), J.E. van Hoogstraten (Director of Economic Affairs), R. Loekman Djajadinigrat (Director of Education), N.S. Blom (Director of Justice), R.E. Smits PhD (Director-Secretary of the Javasche Bank), P.H.W. Sitsen (Director of the Industry Office), P. Honig PhD (Director of the Rubber Research Institute), C.J. Warners (Head of PTT telegraph and telephone service), Prof. J. Eggen (professor, first delegate of the Wartime Committee for Judicial Matters) and B.S. van Deinse (chief agent of KPM in Singapore). Other evacuees were Major General L.H. van Oyen (Commander of Dutch Air Forces) and staff officers S.H. Spoor, D.C. Buurman van Vreeden and J.M.R. Sandberg. In total, approximately 1,500 Dutch men, women and children managed to escape to Australia before the surrender.</content><start_date>07-03-1942</start_date><title>Evacuations</title></item><item id="104784"><content>On 8 and 9 March negotiations for surrender were held in an NCO\'s quarters at Kalidjati airfield. The Japanese delegation was headed by Lt. Gen. Imamura Hitoshi, Commander of the 16th Army. On the first day of the negotiations the Dutch delegation consisted of Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer, Lt. Gen. H. ter Poorten and Major Generals J.J. Pesman and H. Bakker. Government officials P.J.A. Idenburg (the Governor-General\'s Chief of Staff), H. Hagenaar (East Indian Affairs Office), J.M. Kiveron (Director of the General Secretariat) and A.F.P. Hulsewé (East Indian Affairs Office) were also present. &lt;br /&gt; When Imamura asked Van Starkenborgh whether the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was willing to surrender, the Governor-General answered that he was not authorised to make that decision. The Dutch delegation wished to discuss the surrender of only part of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army; the Bandung Group. When Lt. Gen. Ter Poorten gave him the same answer, Imamura sent away the Governor-General and the other officials. He then again asked Ter Poorten if he would sign the general and unconditional surrender of the entire Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, telling him that refusal to sign would entail resumption of hostilities until the Dutch forces were completely destroyed. At 18:20, Ter Poorten agreed to the general surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. The surrender was announced on 9 March at 07:45 by the Dutch East Indies Broadcasting Company. That same day Ter Poorten confirmed the conditions of surrender in Kalidjati. Approximately 56,000 soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, the Dutch Navy and the militarised auxiliaries were taken prisoners of war. Nothing was settled about the 14,000 British, Australian and American troops still in Java.</content><start_date>08-03-1942</start_date><end_date>09-03-1942</end_date><title>Surrender</title></item><item id="104827"><content>On 12 March units of the Imperial Guard Division of the Japanese 25th Army landed in four places in Aceh and on the eastern coast of Sumatra. The next day, the advance elements of the Yoshida detachment, a battalion of cyclists, rode into Medan. Major General R.Th. Overakker, commander of the Central Sumatra region, had ordered all Royal Netherlands East Indies Army units to fall back in the direction of Brastagi. Overakker was planning on using his professional units to wage a guerrilla war in the Alas valley in Aceh, but he was thwarted by a general revolt against Dutch rule. When the Japanese Taga Detachment reached Blangkedjeren from the north on 26 March, Overakker decided to surrender. In the afternoon of the 26th, Overakker, his Chief of Staff Major J.H. de Vries and Colonel G.F.V. Gosenson, the territorial commander of Aceh, surrendered to Major Kitayama in Kota Tjane.</content><start_date>12-03-1942</start_date><end_date>26-03-1942</end_date><title>North Sumatra</title></item><item id="104828"><content>Under orders from President Roosevelt, Douglas MacArthur left the Philippines on 22 February 1942. Together with his family and staff, he boarded four PT boats on the beleaguered island of Corregidor in Manila Bay, and reached Mindanao on 13 March. From there the evacuees flew to Northern Australia aboard a B-17 bomber, arriving at Batchelor Field on 17 March. His command of the defence of the Philippines and his daring escape had made MacArthur a national hero in the United States. The arrival of Americas most famous general was greeted with much enthusiasm by the Australians, as after the fall of Singapore it was clear that they could expect little assistance from Great Britain. MacArthur was named Supreme Commander of all military forces in Australia and New Zealand. As the Commander-in-Chief of Australian Military Forces, General Blamey once said: \'(MacArthur) will be so far away from his own Government that he will not receive any interference, and as for our own Government, he will take no notice of it.\' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 28&lt;br /&gt; Correspondence MacArthur-Australian Government: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 49, 50 and 51</content><start_date>17-03-1942</start_date><title>MacArthur</title></item><item id="104831"><content>In April 1942 all Europeans on Java from the age of 17 were required to register with the Japanese authorities. In October 1942 the Japanese started the internment of the European civilian population. They made a distinction between full-blood Dutch civilians (totoks) and those with mixed heritage (Indo-Europeans). First the Japanese interned all men between the ages of 16 and 60, then they rounded up the women, children and elderly. Most Indo-Europeans in Java remained outside the camps, as the Japanese lacked the resources to intern such a large group, estimated at 120,000 to 200,000 people. The Japanese also found that many of them were irreplaceable in maintaining public life in Java. The Japanese authorities also considered the possibility that the Indo-Europeans would eventually embrace their Asian roots and come to identify themselves with the Japanese cause. On the other islands, however, the Japanese interned all Europeans and Indo-Europeans immediately after the occupation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 820, 821, 822 and 823 (Swedish Consular Archive in Soerabaya).&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 5247, 5248, 5249 and 5251 (Part of camp administration Tjideng, 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62,  inv. no. 244 to 191 (Stukken betreffende krijgsgevangen- en burgerinterneringskampen in Nederlands-Indië).</content><start_date>04-1942</start_date><title>Internment</title></item><item id="104829"><content>18 NEI (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF was activated in Canberra. The squadron was equipped with B-25 \'Mitchell\' medium bombers purchased by the Netherlands from the United States but delivered too late to take part in the defence of the Dutch East Indies. In addition to the Dutch crew members, 18 Squadron also had Australian co-pilots, waist gunners, bombardiers and ground crew. &lt;br /&gt; In December 1942, 18 Squadron was stationed in Northern Australia, where it began flying attack missions over Timor, the Kei Islands and elsewhere in January 1943. In May 1943 the squadron moved to Batchelor Field. On 6 April 1945, 11 B-25s from 18 Squadron helped knock the Japanese cruiser Isuzu out of action. During the war, the squadron sank more than 25,000 tons of Japanese shipping.</content><start_date>04-04-1942</start_date><title>18 Squadron</title></item><item id="104830"><content>After the disbandment of ABDACOM and the fall of the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines, the Allied command divided Asia into four new operational areas: Indian Theatre (from August 1943 SEAC: South East Asia Command), South West Pacific Area (SWPA), Pacific Ocean Areas (POA) and South East Pacific Area (SEPA). The Dutch East Indies were divided among two command areas for purely military reasons. Sumatra fell under the British-led Indian Theatre, and the other islands fell under MacArthur\'s SWPA. &lt;br /&gt; On 6 April advance units of the American 41th Division arrived in Australia. They were the first American reinforcements to arrive on the continent. Nine days later the first elements of the American 32nd Division arrived as well. SWPA Headquarters, originally located in Melbourne, moved to Brisbane on 20 July. MacArthur included only American officers in his staff.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 28 and 492</content><start_date>05-04-1942</start_date><title>Operational Areas</title></item><item id="104832"><content>The Netherlands Indies Committee for Australia and New Zealand was founded in Melbourne. The board included J.E. van Hoogstraten, R. Loekman Djajadiningrat and R.E. Smits. The Committee was set up to \'deal with all affairs relating to goods, credit, funds, gold, shipping and evacuees either originating in the Netherlands East Indies, intended for the Netherlands East Indies or in which Dutch interests are involved\'.</content><start_date>07-04-1942</start_date><title>Committee</title></item><item id="104833"><content>On the Japanese Emperor\'s birthday the Japanese Army\'s propaganda department announced the formation of the Tiga-A (Triple-A) movement. The Japanese administration hoped to accustom the Indonesian population to the \'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\'; the economic sphere of influence under Japanese leadership that Japan was trying to build in Asia. The Malay slogan of the Tiga-A movement was: \'Tjahaja Asia Nipon, Pelindoeng Asia hipon, Pemimpin Asia hipon\' (Japan is the Light, the Protector and the Leader of Asia). The Tiga-A movement was part of the Japanese policy for the Japanisation of Java. This policy also involved the introduction of the Japanese calendar (1942 became the year 2062), Japanese holidays, the Tokyo time zone and the Imperial cult. The Japanese also required all the subjected peoples to make gestures of respect to Japanese soldiers. Schoolchildren were given lessons in Japanese, while the Dutch language was officially banned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; General information about daily life a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823 and 824 (Swedisch Consular Archives).&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.12.37, inv. no. 254, 255, 256 and 257&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.132, inv. no. 1538&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14. inv. no. 5192, 5196, 5197, 5197, 5203, 5212 and 5216</content><start_date>29-04-1942</start_date><title>Japanisation</title></item><item id="104834"><content>At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese Navy won a tactical victory but suffered a strategic defeat at the hands of the Americans. The Japanese Combined Fleet lost a light aircraft carrier, a minelayer and a destroyer in the battle, and another carrier sustained heavy damage. The American Navy, however, suffered even heavier losses: a destroyer, a tanker and one carrier sunk, with another heavily damaged, but the battle forced the Japanese to abort a planned landing near Port Moresby, on the southern coast of Australian New Guinea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 29 en 30</content><start_date>06-05-1942</start_date><end_date>08-05-1942</end_date><title>Coral Sea</title></item><item id="104835"><content>The Javanese Raden Adipati Ario Sujono was named Minister without Portfolio in the Gerbrandy Cabinet in London. This was the first and only time in Dutch Parliamentary history that a Javanese acted as a member of the Cabinet. Sujono, a member of the Council of the Indies, had evacuated to Australia at the request of the Governor-General on 7 March 1942. The Government had hoped that the appointment of a non-white would defuse American criticism of the colonial administration. Sujono died in England on 5 January 1943.</content><start_date>09-05-1942</start_date><title>Sujono</title></item><item id="104836"><content>The Netherlands Special Operations Organisation (NSO) was formed in Colombo, Ceylon. In order to preserve secrecy, the organisation was called the \'Insulinde department\'. The unit\'s primary task was to introduce intelligence groups (\'parties\') to Sumatra. On 1 August 1942 the NSO was disbanded and replaced by the Insulinde Corps. The Insulinde Corps was commanded first by Major F. Mollinger, followed by Lt. Col H.G.C. Pel and Dutch Navy Lieutenant C.J. Wingerder. From May 1942 until August 1945, the Insulinde Corps carried out eight operations in Sumatra, with a total of thirteen landings.</content><start_date>19-06-1942</start_date><title>Insulinde</title></item><item id="104837"><content>The Combined Fleet attempted to force a decisive battle with the American Navy by attacking the island of Midway, but was surprised by three American aircraft carriers. The Americans were aware of the Japanese movements, because they had deciphered the Japanese Naval communications code. At the Battle of Midway, the Japanese Navy lost four large aircraft carriers, one heavy cruiser and almost 3,000 sailors, including 121 experienced pilots. American losses totalled one carrier, one destroyer and around 250 naval personnel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 30</content><start_date>04-07-1942</start_date><end_date>07-07-1942</end_date><title>Midway</title></item><item id="104838"><content>Sukarno returned to Batavia from exile and was welcomed by Mohammed Hatta and a few hundred supporters. The Dutch authorities had brought Sukarno from his place of exile in Benkulen to Padang, but the new Japanese authorities summoned him back to Batavia. Upon arrival, he met with the other nationalist leaders Sutan Shahrir and Mohammed Hatta. A few days later he met with General Imamura, the highest Japanese authority in Java. Sukarno stated that he was prepared to co-operate with the Japanese military authorities, and Imamura in turn granted him \'more participation by the [Indonesian] population in government\'. Nothing is agreed upon regarding the future government of Indonesia.</content><start_date>09-07-1942</start_date><title>Sukarno</title></item><item id="104839"><content>On the evening of 6 December - 7 December in the Dutch East Indies - Queen Wilhelmina delivered a speech on Radio Oranje in which she discussed the post-war structure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In her address, Wilhelmina granted Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles autonomy within the Kingdom. After the war, representatives from all Dutch territories assembled at a national conference to suggest a new structure for the Kingdom.</content><start_date>07-12-1942</start_date><title>Wilhelmina</title></item><item id="104840"><content>On the first anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of the Pacific War, the Japanese authorities officially changed the name of Batavia to Jakarta.</content><start_date>08-12-1942</start_date><title>Jakarta</title></item><item id="104841"><content>During the Casablanca Conference, the Americans and the British disagreed about the strategy to follow in the war against Japan. The British delegation argued for pursuing a passive, defensive strategy until the defeat of Germany, in line with the Europe First strategy. The British wanted to be able to apply more resources to a British-American offensive in the Mediterranean. The American delegation, on the other hand, wanted to double the amount of resources available for the war against Japan. At that moment, 15 percent of the Allied war potential was earmarked for the War in the Pacific. Under American pressure, the British consented to a two-pronged offensive in the Pacific in 1943. The American Navy would attack the Gilbert, Marshall and Marianas islands in the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), while in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) the American Army would attack Japanese strongholds in the Bismarck Archipelago and in New Guinea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 33</content><start_date>14-01-1943</start_date><end_date>26-01-1943</end_date><title>Casablanca</title></item><item id="104842"><content>At a mass assembly in Jakarta, Sukarno announced the launch of a new organisation called Putera; the acronym of Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Centre of People\'s Power). The goal of the movement was to \'create a powerful new Java as a link in the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere by helping Greater Japan on to victory in the Greater East Asia War\'. Putera was the successor to the Tiga-A movement, and was led by the four nationalists, Sukarno, M. Hatta, K.H. Dewantoro and H.M. Mansur. Sukarno\'s requests to include \'Indonesia\' in the organisation\'s name, to fly the red-and-white flag and to be allowed to sing \'Indonesia Raya\' were all rejected by the Japanese. Putera offered Sukarno a podium that allowed him to reach the people of Java. During his public appearances, he was able to emphasis that those who supported the movement also served the nation\'s interests. Putera was disbanded on 7 January 1944, to be followed on 1 March 1944 by Djawa Hokokai (Java Service Association), a new mobilisation movement under tighter Japanese military supervision. Here, Sukarno was only an advisor.</content><start_date>08-03-1943</start_date><title>Mobilisation</title></item><item id="104843"><content>The Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service (NEFIS) was established in Melbourne under the commanded of Lieutenant Commander G.B. Salm. Its task was to collect intelligence on the occupied Dutch East Indies and Japanese activities there. Naval Lieutenant J.J. Quéré and his Section III (Special Intelligence and Operations) trained and led intelligence \'parties\' deployed to the Dutch East Indies. By war\'s end, NEFIS had deployed a total of 37 such intelligence parties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 399  to 467 (Collection of Special Operations Australia)</content><start_date>01-04-1943</start_date><title>NEFIS</title></item><item id="104844"><content>In Java, the Japanese authorities founded the Keibodan and the Seinendan - two unarmed auxiliary corps that provided the Japanese with hundreds of thousands of volunteers. The Keibodan was a police auxiliary made up of young men aged 23 to 35. The Seinendan was a youth organisation for young men aged 14 to 23 who manned anti-aircraft batteries. The creation of these paramilitary auxiliaries was part of the mobilisation of the population.&lt;br /&gt; From 1942, in order to reinforce Japanese combat forces the military administration also began recruiting volunteers for military service away from Java - the so-called \'heihos\'. On 3 October 1943 the Sukarela Tentara Pembela Tanah Air (Army for the Defence of the Fatherland - PETA) was founded. PETA was an armed military corps of Indonesian volunteers led by Japanese officers. By 1945, PETA had recruited and trained an estimated 36,000 officers and men.</content><start_date>29-04-1943</start_date><title>Militarisation</title></item><item id="104845"><content>Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten was appointed Supreme Commander of South East Asia Command. Mountbatten had been Chief of Combined Operations from October 1941 to October 1943. As SEAC Supreme Commander he was in charge of the defence of British India and the liberation of Burma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 52</content><start_date>01-10-1943</start_date><title>Mountbatten</title></item><item id="104846"><content>In order to recruit large numbers of native labourers in Java, the Japanese military administration created the Badan Pembantu Peradjurit Pekerdja organisation. Sukarno played an important part in convincing his countrymen to join the new organisation. The workers were assigned to support the Japanese war economy, and are now best known by the Japanese term \'romusha\'. Recruitment often involved some degree of force, the working conditions were poor and large numbers of Javanese died from illness, malnutrition and abuse. Most of them were put to work in Java, but starting in 1944 an estimated 160,000 to 200,000 Javanese romushas were sent overseas to work on projects such as the Pakan Baru and Burma railways.</content><start_date>19-10-1943</start_date><title>Romusha</title></item><item id="104847"><content>American troops landed at two locations near Hollandia in New Guinea, catching the Japanese command completely by surprise. MacArthur\'s daring operation bypassed strong Japanese troop concentrations on the northern coast of New Guinea. His strategy was aided by the fact that American military intelligence was able to decode Japanese military communications. In one fell swoop, the occupation of poorly-defended Hollandia brought MacArthur another 650 km closer to the Philippines. The operation cost the lives of only 150 American soldiers, and is considered to be one of MacArthur\'s greatest triumphs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 39 and 53</content><start_date>22-04-1944</start_date><end_date>27-04-1944</end_date><title>Hollandia</title></item><item id="104848"><content>As a result of the American conquest of the island of Saipan in the Marianas on 7 July 1944, Prime Minister Tojo and his cabinet resigned from office to be replaced by Koiso Kuniaki. This change did not bring a corresponding change in Japanese war strategy, however. The Japanese Navy had lost three aircraft carriers and almost 400 aircraft in a naval battle near the Marianas - the so-called Marianas Turkey Shoot. The fall of the islands of Guam, Saipan and Tinian and the destruction of their Japanese garrisons brought Japan within range of the American B-29 bombers.</content><start_date>18-07-1944</start_date><title>Koiso</title></item><item id="104849"><content>President Roosevelt organised a conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, to discuss the strategy for the war in the Pacific. The two rival American commanders, Chester W. Nimitz (Supreme Commander Pacific Ocean Areas) and Douglas MacArthur (Supreme Commander South West Pacific Area), personally presented their plans to President Roosevelt and his Chief-of-Staff William D. Leahy. Nimitz argued for an invasion of Formosa, while MacArthur wanted to liberate the Philippines. Two months later, in September 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to follow the latter strategy, and MacArthur was given the chance to fulfil the promise he had made upon leaving the Philippines in 1942: \'I shall return.\'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 40</content><start_date>26-07-1944</start_date><title>Pearl Harbor Conference</title></item><item id="104850"><content>The British submarine HMS Tradewind torpedoed and sank the Japanese transport ship Junyu Maru in the Indian Ocean. The Junyo Maru was carrying an estimated 6,500 Javanese labourers and Allied prisoners of war from Tandjong Priok to Padang. The prisoners of war included Dutch, American, British and Australian nationals. Approximately 5,620 people died when the Junyo Maru sank, making it one of the worst disasters in maritime history.</content><start_date>18-09-1944</start_date><title>Junyo Maru</title></item><item id="104851"><content>In Batavia a group of Indo-European young men were arrested in the first of a series of arrests to take place in cities throughout Java. The Japanese authorities took the measure when the young Indo-Europeans refused to renounce their Dutch heritage. This group of approximately 650 young men aged 16 to 23 were imprisoned in Glodok prison until 27 August 1945.</content><start_date>27-09-1944</start_date><title>Glodok</title></item><item id="104852"><content>The largest naval battle of World War Two took place in Leyte Gulf near the Philippines. The Japanese Navy made an all-out attack to force a decisive battle in order to prevent an American invasion of the Philippines, as the loss of the islands would cut communications between Japan and the resources of the Dutch East Indies. &lt;br /&gt; The Japanese Navy used its remaining carriers to lure away the American battle fleet escorting the invasion fleet. Their plan succeeded, but the invasion fleet was able to beat off all Japanese attacks. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was a crippling defeat for Japan, and the Japanese Navy ceased to play a role of any importance for the remainder of the war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 41 and 657</content><start_date>23-10-1944</start_date><end_date>26-10-1944</end_date><title>Leyte Gulf</title></item><item id="104853"><content>In March 1944, the Allies were on the point of beginning an offensive against the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies. Dutch authorities requested an agreement with General MacArthur arranging for the restoration of Dutch rule over the liberated territories. However, the approval of this agreement was delayed when the document ran into political difficulties in Washington. The American Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, wanted the Dutch authorities to agree to a date for full independence for their colony. MacArthur did not want to interfere in post-war political arrangements for the Dutch East Indies and found support for his position in the War Department. On 30 November 1944 Cordell Hull resigned and Edward Stettinius Jr. became Secretary of State. On 10 December 1944 the parties signed the Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement on the island of Leyte in the Philippines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.05.80, inv. no. 314</content><start_date>10-12-1944</start_date><title>Civil Affairs Agreement</title></item><item id="104854"><content>The three Allied leaders, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, met for the second time during World War Two at Yalta in the Crimea. There, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin consented to the American request that the Soviet Union provide assistance in the war against Japan, promising to go to war with Japan within 90 days of the German surrender.</content><start_date>04-02-1945</start_date><title>Yalta</title></item><item id="104855"><content>Douglas MacArthur approved the plans for an attack on the Dutch East Indies. The operation was given the code name \'Oboe\' and would be carried out by Australian forces in six stages: the retaking of Tarakan (Oboe 1), Balikpapan (Oboe 2), Bandjermasin (Oboe 3), Java (Oboe 4), the rest of the Dutch East Indies (Oboe 5) and finally British Borneo (Oboe 6). However, Operation Oboe faced opposition from the American high command and the Australian government. After the liberation of the Philippines, the military justification for an invasion of the Dutch East Indies had disappeared. Three of the six Oboe operations were eventually carried out. The invasion of Java was cancelled on 3 April.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 400, 604, 639, 658 and 801</content><start_date>18-03-1945</start_date><title>Operation Oboe</title></item><item id="104856"><content>In October 1944 the Americans landed on the island of Leyte in the Philippines. In the ensuing naval battle the Japanese Navy suffered a crippling defeat. In March 1945 American Marines took the island of Iwo Jima, and on 1 April they landed in Okinawa. Prime Minister Koiso was held responsible for these military defeats and resigned on 7 April. Emperor Hirohito asked Admiral Suzuki Kantaro to form a new cabinet.</content><start_date>05-04-1945</start_date><title>Suzuki</title></item><item id="104857"><content>As it became clear that Japan was losing the war, the Japanese began to make more concessions to the Indonesian nationalists. On 29 April 1945 the Japanese authorities set up the BPKI (Badan Penyelidikan Kermerdekan Indonesia - Forum for the Preparation of the Independence of Indonesia).</content><start_date>29-04-1945</start_date><title>BPKI</title></item><item id="104858"><content>In February 1945 General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Australian First Army Corps to retake Tarakan, Brunei and Balikpapan from the Japanese. The oil-rich island of Tarakan lay on the direct invasion route to Java and had an airfield. Although the invasion of Java had been cancelled on 3 April, MacArthur allowed the invasion to go through anyway. The Battle of Tarakan began on 1 May 1945 and lasted for six weeks, at a cost of approximately 250 Australian soldiers\' lives. The last Japanese soldiers were killed or captured on 15 August 1945. On 7 July 1945 the Australian 7th Division landed at Balikpapan. In total, 569 Australians and around 4,800 Japanese died during the three operations in Borneo.</content><start_date>01-05-1945</start_date><title>Tarakan</title></item><item id="104859"><content>The United States, Great Britain and China called on Japan to accept the terms of surrender offered at the Potsdam Conference. Article 13 of the Declaration stated: \'We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.\' At a press conference on 28 July Prime Minister Suzuki informed the world that the Japanese Government would not accept the ultimatum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 45</content><start_date>26-07-1945</start_date><title>Potsdam Declaration</title></item><item id="104860"><content>On 6 August 1945 the city of Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb. An estimated 100,000 to 140,000 Japanese died in the blast or before the end of the year from the effects of radiation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 45</content><start_date>06-08-1945</start_date><title>Hiroshima</title></item><item id="104861"><content>On 7 August 1945 the BPKI gave way to the PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia - Committee for the Preparation of the Independence of Indonesia), with Sukarno as Chairman and Hatta as Vice-Chairman.</content><start_date>07-08-1945</start_date><title>PPKI</title></item><item id="104862"><start_date>08-08-1945</start_date><title>Soviet Union</title></item><item id="104863"><content>On 9 August 1945 Nagasaki was destroyed by a second atomic bomb. Approximately 35,000 to 40,000 people died in the initial blast. On 10 August the Japanese Foreign Minister stated that his country would be prepared to accept the Allied terms of surrender&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 45</content><start_date>09-08-1945</start_date><title>Nagasaki</title></item><item id="104864"><content>During the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, British Vice Admiral Lord Mountbatten, Supreme Commander of South East Asia Command, was informed that his operational area would be expanded as of 15 August 1945. In July 1945, no one could foresee that the 15th was to be the day that Japan would surrender. &lt;br /&gt; The expansion of his operational area on the day of the Japanese surrender presented Mountbatten with a number of problems. Southern French Indochina and all of the Dutch East Indies were now his responsibility. The area had 90 million inhabitants and no reliably functioning administration. Mountbatten lacked the troops and transport resources to carry out his tasks, the soldiers under his command were not yet trained for peacetime missions and he had little accurate information about the situation on the ground. An estimated 120,000 Allied prisoners of war and internees were in dire need of help, and Mountbatten was faced with the burden of rounding up and disarming 633,000 Japanese soldiers in his area, as well as repatriating them and the estimated 100,000 Japanese, Formosan and Korean civilians that accompanied the Japanese occupational forces. Mountbatten was confronted with further delay in carrying out his orders when on 19 August MacArthur decreed that no further Allied landings or partial surrenders would be allowed until he had accepted Japan\'s formal surrender on 2 September 1945.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.21.123, inv. no. 32 en 33</content><start_date>15-08-1945</start_date><title>Operational Areas</title></item><item id="104865"><content>On 15 August Japanese radio broadcast a recorded message from Emperor Hirohito announcing the end of the war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 45 and 623&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 609 to 637 (Australian War Memorial \'Armistics and Surrenders: Allied and Japanese\')</content><start_date>15-08-1945</start_date><title>Surrender</title></item><item id="104866"><content>On 17 August 1945 at ten o\'clock in the morning Sukarno read the Indonesian Declaration of Independence from the front garden of his house at Pegangsaan Timoer 56 in Jakarta. The text of the declaration, drawn up by Sukarno and Hatta, is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; \'Proclamation. We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. Matters concerning the transfer of power et cetera will be dealt with in a conscientious manner and as speedily as possible. Jakarta, 17th day of the 8th month, year \'05. In the name of the Indonesian nation, (signed) Sukarno, Hatta.\'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; After the reading of the proclamation, the second-in-command of the PETA battalion in Jakarta, Abdul Latif, raised the red-and-white flag of the Republic of Indonesia, and those present sang the national anthem, Indonesia Raya. Sukarno became President of the Republic, and Hatta became Vice-President. The new constitution determined that Indonesia would be a republic and that the Cabinet would be responsible to the President. Until elections could be held, the KNIP (Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat - Central Indonesian National Committee) would represent the entire Indonesian population. The members of the committee were appointed by Sukarno.</content><start_date>17-08-1945</start_date><title>Independence</title></item><item id="104867"><content>On 18 September a team of RAPWI (Recovery of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees) parachuted over Surabaya. The team\'s mission was to gather intelligence and was composed of Dutch Lieutenant P.G. de Back, Ensign J. Lansdorp, Sergeants W. Bals and R. Vrieg and four British soldiers. The team checked in at the former Oranje Hotel, and the next morning they raised the Dutch flag from the hotel\'s tower. A group of angry young Indonesians soon gathered in front of the hotel. Some of them climbed up the hotel facade to the flag pole, where they pulled down the Dutch flag, ripped off the blue strip from the tricolour and raised the red and white strips as the flag of the Indonesian Republic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 3584&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>19-09-1945</start_date><title>Flag incident</title></item><item id="104868"><content>In the ports of Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne, Australian dockworkers refused to load or unload Dutch ships. The Australian Dockworkers Union in Brisbane declared that the boycott would remain in effect as long as the Netherlands refused to recognise the Republic of Indonesia. Demonstrators also took to the streets in Sydney and Melbourne in support of recognition for the Republic. The Australian government informed the Dutch East Indies authorities that it would not interfere in the conflict.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 274, 275, 276, 277 and 278&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 4040 and 5571</content><start_date>24-09-1945</start_date><title>Boycott</title></item><item id="104869"><content>&lt;p&gt;On 8 September the first RAPWI team parachuted into Batavia. A week later the HMS Cumberland and HNLMS Tromp arrived at Batavia carrying the Dutch representative at SEAC and a representative from SEAC Supreme Commander Lord Mountbatten: Dr. Ch.O. van de Plas and Vice-Admiral W.R. Patterson. At Pattersons recommendation, Mountbatten decided that British troops would initially only occupy Batavia and Surabaya, but later other cities were occupied as well. On 19 September around 100,000 Indonesians gathered on the former Koningsplein to demonstrate their support for the Republic of Indonesia. The Japanese had refused permission for the demonstration, but did not interfere. Sukarno addressed the assembly and asked the public to obey the Republican government. His moderation made a good impression on Patterson.&lt;br /&gt;On 28 September advance units of the 23rd Indian Division arrived in Batavia. Their commander, Lt. Gen. Sir Philip Christison, declared that the British would not interfere with internal affairs in the East Indies. They occupied a small number of bridgeheads, known as \'key areas\', in order to assist interned civilians and prisoners of war. This British hesitance left the Dutch authorities bewildered and confused.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;object width="425" height="344" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.youtube.com/v/tQ9kp8ja-Ts"&gt;&#13; 			&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/tQ9kp8ja-Ts"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&#13; 			&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/tQ9kp8ja-Ts" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&#13; 			&lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Information about the British on Java:&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 t/m 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 t/m 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 t/m 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))&lt;/p&gt;</content><start_date>28-09-1945</start_date><end_date>29-09-1945</end_date><title>British in Batavia</title></item><item id="104881"><content>European men, women and children held in the Japanese internment camps Si Rengo Rengo and Aik Paminke I, II and III were evacuated to Medan, Padang and Palembang by train and lorry. The largest group, numbering 9,500 men, women and children, ended up in Medan, where RAPWI had set up a reception camp in the Polonia neighbourhood. Lieutenant C. Sisselaar was in charge of the evacuation. Due to the threat posed by pemuda groups in the vicinity, the transports and reception camps had to be guarded by Japanese soldiers. From 1 October to 1 November 1945, an estimated 6,000 people were evacuated from the internment camps.</content><start_date>01-10-1945</start_date><title>Evacuations</title></item><item id="104870"><content>The Indonesian Revolution broke out in Northern Sumatra. The area around Medan was especially dangerous for Dutch civilians, Chinese and pro-Dutch Indonesians. Teuku Mr. Hassan, who had been appointed Governor of the Province of Sumatra by the Republican Government on 19 August, began issuing decrees in the name of the Republic in Medan. In the first week of October Indonesian nationalists organised the TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, or People\'s Security Army). In addition to the TKR, a number of armed bands of young men were active in the area. On 11 October 800 men from the 6th South Wales Borderers under the command of Brigadier General T.E.D. Kelly arrived in Medan as an advance party from 26th Indian Division commanded from Padang. The British and Indian forces were ordered to avoid confrontations with the Indonesian nationalists and to leave large parts of Medan under Indonesian administration. As more and more British soldiers and European evacuees arrived in the city, the seat of Indonesian administration and the TKR headquarters were moved from Medan to Pematang Siantar on 11 November 1945.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information about North Sumatra and Sumatra in general o.a. in &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 164, 169, 170, 171, 172 and 173&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 3593&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Information about the British at Sumatra:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>01-10-1945</start_date><end_date>11-10-1945</end_date><title>Revolution</title></item><item id="104871"><content>Throughout Java and Madura, Indonesian authorities began interning Indo-European men and boys in internment camps. President Sukarno most likely gave the order to do so himself in order to protect Europeans and Indo-Europeans from mass hysteria and violence by nationalist fanatics. Due to the presence of British forces in Batavia and Bandung, no men were interned in these cities. An estimated 46,000 men, women and children were interned in camps during the last three months of 1945. In total, the Republicans operated 398 camps for shorter or longer periods in Java and Madura. The men and boys were kept in separate camps from the women and children. Among the 46,000 internees, 4,500 were \'totoks\' -  Europeans who had ignored the Allied order to remain in Japanese internment camps after the war and had returned to their pre-war homes in Republican-held territory. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 3044&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 2269&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>11-10-1945</start_date><end_date>19-10-1945</end_date><title>Internments</title></item><item id="104872"><content>Starting in late August 1945, Japanese troops began retreating to camps in the interior on their own initiative to await the arrival of Allied forces, leaving only a few guard units in the major cities. Throughout Central Java, young Indonesian nationalists called \'pemudas\' used the opportunity to take control of Japanese weapons and ammunition. They were successful in cities such as Jokjakarta, Solo and Magelang, but in Semarang the Japanese garrison commander, Major Kido Shinochiro, refused to hand over his weapons. &lt;br /&gt; On 14 October Indonesian authorities began rounding up all Indo-Europeans, Menadonese and Ambonese who had not yet been placed in internment camps. Approximately 2,700 men and boys were arrested. The nationalists also imprisoned Japanese civilians and the military personnel at Kalibanteng airfield. When the Japanese headquarters in Magelang handed over its weapons after a short standoff with Indonesian forces, Major Kido decided to retaliate. On 15 October, Japanese troops in Semarang attacked the Indonesian forces in the city. The objective of the operation was to regain control of the city and to reduce the Indonesian pressure on the internment camps. A Japanese assault on Bulu prison on 16 October freed around 1,200 Indo-Europeans, but only after 100 Japanese prisoners had been killed in their cells. By 19 October, Semarang was entirely under Japanese control. The fighting claimed the lives of approximately 150 Japanese soldiers and an unknown number of Indonesians.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.72, inv. no. 18 &lt;br /&gt; More information in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>14-10-1945</start_date><end_date>19-10-1945</end_date><title>Battle of Semarang</title></item><item id="104873"><content>In a radio address on 14 October the nationalist leader Bung Tomo declared war on the Dutch. The following day nationalist forces began mass arrests of Indo-Europeans in Surabaya. All men and boys were brought to the former Simpang Club, which Bung Tomo was using as his headquarters. A few dozen prisoners died during interrogations there. Another 3,200 Indo-Europeans were incarcerated in Werfstraat prison and Bubutan prison. Those in Werfstraat prison were liberated by Indian soldiers on 10 November.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21., inv. no. 162 and 168&lt;br /&gt; More information in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>15-10-1945</start_date><end_date>17-10-1945</end_date><title>Arrests</title></item><item id="104874"><content>&lt;p&gt;On 25 October the 49th Indian Infantry Brigade landed in Surabaya. The 4,000-man brigade under the command of Brigadier General A.W.S. Mallaby was to disarm Japanese forces there and evacuate all Allied civilians and prisoners of war. Mallaby negotiated with the Indonesian Governor of East Java, Dr. Surio, to arrange for the disarmament of Indonesian irregular forces and the evacuation of Dutch internees, while the official Indonesian army units and the municipal police would remain intact.&lt;br /&gt;This agreement was endangered when on 27 October a British C-47 Dakota dropped leaflets over the city without Mallaby\'s knowledge, ordering all Indonesians to turn in their weapons within 48 hours or risk being shot on sight. Mallaby informed the nationalist leader Mustopo that he would carry out this new order.&lt;br /&gt;On 28 October an estimated 100,000 armed Indonesians attacked the dispersed Indian positions in the city. The 49th Indian Infantry Brigade lost 427 soldiers in these attacks, which cost the Indonesians around 6,000 dead. Unfortunately, that same day the Dutch women and children from the Gubung district were being evacuated to the Red Cross camp. The third transport from Gubung was attacked by an Indonesian mob, which killed more than 100 Dutch civilians and almost all of the 60 Indians escorting the transport.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;object width="425" height="344" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.youtube.com/v/zwDjQ9En-xU"&gt;&#13; 			&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zwDjQ9En-xU"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&#13; 			&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zwDjQ9En-xU" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&#13; 			&lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21., inv. no. 162 and 168&lt;br /&gt;More information in the series:&lt;br /&gt;Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))&lt;/p&gt;</content><start_date>25-10-1945</start_date><end_date>31-10-1945</end_date><title>Surabaya</title></item><item id="104875"><content>When the British Supreme Commander, General Christison, was informed of the fighting in Surabaya, he immediately had Sukarno and Hatta flown to the city to arrange a cease-fire. Brigadier General Mallaby drove in to the city accompanied by his staff officers and Indonesian administrators in order to help enforce the cease-fire. At the Internatio building, the parties were negotiating the release of an Indian unit barricaded in the building. Mallaby and his officers were stopped there by pemudas and disarmed. When fighting suddenly broke out again the pemudas left the three British officers unattended in their car. A few hours later, a surprised pemuda shot and killed General Mallaby, but the two staff officers were able to escape. Their report of the incident led Christison to place a severe ultimatum on the Indonesians, demanding that the murderers be turned over to the British or face \'dire military retribution\'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21., inv. no. 162 and 168&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; More Information a.o. in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>30-10-1945</start_date><title>Mallaby killed</title></item><item id="104876"><content>In the first week of November both sides generally abided by the cease-fire negotiated by Sukarno and Hatta. This allowed the British to evacuate more than 6,000 Dutch civilians with help from the Indonesians. The 49th Indian Infantry Brigade then regrouped around the harbour. That same week 9,000 soldiers and 24 tanks of the 5th Indian Division commanded by Maj. Gen. D.C. Mansergh arrived to reinforce the British forces in the city. On 9 November Mansergh gave the Indonesians an ultimatum: all Indonesian irregular units were to surrender their arms, or the British would begin the occupation of the city. Over the radio, Surio and Bung Tomo called on the residents of Surabaya to defend their city against the British. The next day, 10 November, fighting broke out in the city as British soldiers, supported by tanks, fighter-bombers and naval gunfire, began clearing the city in door-to-door combat. By the 29th the city had fallen completely into British hands. More than 15,000 Indonesians are estimated to have lost their lives in the fighting between September and November.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21., inv. no. 162 and 165&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>10-11-1945</start_date><end_date>29-11-1945</end_date><title>Battle of Surabaya</title></item><item id="104877"><content>The tense political situation in Batavia quickly deteriorated as radical pemudas came into conflict with the British and the increasing Dutch presence in the city. From October 1945 to March 1946 a constant stream of shootings, kidnappings, disappearances, muggings and murders occurred. The main victims of the violence were the Indo-European, Chinese and Moluccan families who lived outside of the camps. According to a conservative estimate, the fatalities during this period numbered from 500 to 1,000. &lt;br /&gt; When pemudas fired on the camp of the 10th Battalion, the Moluccan soldiers stationed there hit back hard. The houses surrounding the camp were set on fire and the personnel on duty at the Indonesian police station in Parapattan were killed. In response General Chrisison ordered the Moluccan companies out of Batavia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>18-11-1945</start_date><end_date>21-11-1945</end_date><title>Batavia/Jakarta</title></item><item id="104878"><content>&lt;p&gt;On 17 October the first Ghurkha units of the 2,000-man 37th Indian Infantry Brigade arrived in Bandung and the Japanese forces in the city were placed under British command. Pemudas increasingly began to commit acts of violence against Indo-Europeans and Chinese in South Bandung and the outskirts of the city. In response many Dutch residents evacuated to North Bandung. On 24 November regular Indonesian Army units and pemudas attacked the British and Japanese positions in the city, at Andir airfield and in Tjimahi internment camp, but without success. On 27 November the British and local Indonesian authorities agreed to a division of Bandung into a northern British section and a southern Indonesian section. Despite this measure independent guerrilla groups ignored the agreements and in the period following the division continued to commit acts of violence such as assassinations, shootings, arson and kidnappings throughout the city.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;object width="425" height="344" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.youtube.com/v/qrRnzU3Vyd4"&gt;&#13; 			&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/qrRnzU3Vyd4"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&#13; 			&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/qrRnzU3Vyd4" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&#13; 			&lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 3021&lt;/p&gt;</content><start_date>24-11-1945</start_date><end_date>29-11-1945</end_date><title>Bandung</title></item><item id="104879"><content>At the initiative of the British command, representatives of the Indonesian Government and Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies headquarters met on 30 November to discuss co-operation in the evacuation of the Japanese forces and European Allied Prisoners of War and Internees (APWI). During the conference, the British asked the Indonesian delegation to provide protection for the transport of supplies from Batavia to Bandung and Buitenzorg. The Dutch authorities were not initially informed of the negotiations. In late December, the Indonesians founded POPDA (Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI - Organisation for the Evacuation of Japanese and APWI) under the command of Major General Sudibiyo. At a meeting held at the British headquarters on 9 January 1946 the parties agreed to terms for the evacuation of internees from Republican-held territory. The Indonesian authorities would be \'responsible for delivering them over to the Allies in Batavia in good order, and would make all arrangements for their transportation, and security and feeding en route\'.</content><start_date>30-11-1945</start_date><title>POPDA Conference</title></item><item id="104880"><content>On 22 January 1946 the first railway transport of 156 European and Indo-European women, children and elderly men arrived in Batavia from Malang. The transport and its escort of 25 Indonesian soldiers was commanded by Major General Urip Sumohardyo, Chief of Staff of the TKR. It was intended as a test evacuation, and it showed the Indonesian authorities that a complete evacuation of all Indo-Europeans from Republican camps through uncontrolled territory would require considerable preparations. The Indonesian Minister of Defence Mr. Amir Sharifuddin and the British Commander of Land Forces in South East Asia, Lt. Gen. Miles Dempsey, approved the most recent evacuation plans. According to the optimistic estimate of Mr. Sharifuddin, the evacuation would take two or three months to complete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information about Republican camps and evacuation of internees from these camps a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.14, inv. no. 3044&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.10.62, inv. no. 1941, 2258 and 2282&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.13.72, inv. no. 355, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in the series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 t/m 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 t/m 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 t/m 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>22-01-1946</start_date><title>First Evacuation Train</title></item><item id="104882"><content>At a conference in Solo, British and Indonesian negotiators agree on the use of transport aircraft to evacuate internees. The Indonesians emphatically reject the use of Dutch aircraft and pilots, so on 20 May 1946 British C-47 Dakotas from 31 Squadron RAF began flying two flights a day, five days a week between Batavia and Semarang. Every week some 1,000 evacuees were brought to Batavia by aircraft, which makes for a total of 19,714 men, women and children between 20 May and 23 July 1946. On 24 July, the airlift was cancelled following hostilities between POPDA evacuation transport ships and Dutch naval vessels near Surabaya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in de series:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 60 to 77 (Events leading to the independence of Indonesia: situation in the NEI: political developments 1945)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 78 to 116 (Situation in the Netherlands East Indies, 1945-1946)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 118 to 160 (Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (Mountbatten Diaries))</content><start_date>12-05-1946</start_date><title>Airlift</title></item><item id="104888"><content>The negotiations in Cheribon were intended to arrange for the resumption of POPDA evacuations. The parties agreed to resume the evacuation of internees, but that no transports would be conducted by ship or aircraft. Between 27 September and 15 October 1946, five evacuation trains arrived in Batavia from Central Java. On 15 October, the Indonesians officially announced that all APWI had been evacuated from internment camps in their areas, paving the way for the withdrawal of British forces from Java.</content><start_date>03-09-1946</start_date><title>Cheribon Agreement</title></item><item id="104883"><content>A state of war was declared in four departments of the Residency of South Celebes. Between 10 December 1946 and 5 March 1947, soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, the Royal Netherlands Army and the DST (Depot Special Troops) carried out operations to neutralise Indonesian resistance and force the population into acceptance of Dutch rule. With the approval of Army commanders, Reserve First Lieutenant R.P.P. Westerling implemented martial law in South Celebes. People suspected of acts of resistance were summarily tried and executed in what became known as the \'South Celebes Affair\'. Approximately 6,500 people died in the violence in South Celebes.</content><start_date>10-12-1946</start_date><title>South Celebes</title></item><item id="104884"><content>&lt;p&gt;In the Linggadjati Agreement the Netherlands recognised that the Republic of Indonesia actually controlled Java and Sumatra. The Republic of Indonesia agreed to help create a federal Indonesian state as part of a Dutch-Indonesian union. The Republic would be one of the federal states in this union. The text of the Agreement, however, was formulated in very vague terms and led to contradictory interpretations on both sides.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;object width="425" height="344" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.youtube.com/v/PcbWDJDK8NM"&gt;&#13; 			&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/PcbWDJDK8NM"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&#13; 			&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PcbWDJDK8NM" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&#13; 			&lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 330&lt;br /&gt;More information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 303 to 316 (East Indies: Negotiations between Dutch and Indonesians)&lt;br /&gt;Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 1 to 18 (General Records of the Department of State Decimal Files 1945-1949)&lt;/p&gt;</content><start_date>25-03-1947</start_date><title>Linggadjati</title></item><item id="104885"><content>The last internee evacuation train arrived in Batavia on 30 May 1947. Between January 1946 and May 1947 POPDA successfully evacuated 36,746 internees from Republican-held areas and turned them over to the Allies. An estimated 8,000 to 9,000 people chose to remain in Republican areas and become Indonesian citizens (warga negara). Between 29 April and 21 June 1946 POPDA also managed to transport 40,000 Japanese soldiers from the interior of Java to cities on the coast.</content><start_date>30-05-1947</start_date><title>Last Evacuation Train</title></item><item id="104886"><content>At 23:00 on 20 July 1947 the First Police Action, codenamed \'Operation Product\' began. The objective of this military operation was the occupation of the primary cities and economically important areas. The Dutch Government\'s strategic goal was to force the Republic to abide by the terms of the Linggadjati Agreement. Dutch forces broke out of their bridgeheads in Java and Sumatra and occupied large areas of the islands, but pressure from the United Nations resulted in a cease-fire that went into effect at midnight on 4 August. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 282, 283, 284, 285, 381&lt;br /&gt; More information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no.  303, to 316 (East Indies: Negotiations between Dutch and Indonesians)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 1 to 18 (General Records of the Department of State Decimal Files 1945-1949)</content><start_date>20-07-1947</start_date><end_date>04-08-1947</end_date><title>Operation Product</title></item><item id="104887"><content>At the request of the UN, a Good Offices Committee (GOC) was formed to mediate between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia. The GOC was composed of three members: a Belgian chosen to represent the Netherlands, an Australian to represent Indonesia, and an American. The three committee members conducted negotiations with representatives of the Dutch East Indies government and of the Republic of Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 284 and285, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; About the proceedings of the Good Offices Committee:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 and 392, &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 855 to 941 (Research Collection F. Gouda, United Nations)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 1 to 18 (General Records of the Department of State Decimal Files 1945-1949 (United States))&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 303 to 329  (East-Indies- Negotiations between Dutch and Indonesians (Australia))</content><start_date>24-08-1947</start_date><title>Good Offices Committee</title></item><item id="104889"><content>Under the supervision of the Good Offices Committee, the Republic and the Netherlands began negotiations aboard the USS Renville. The resulting agreement established the demarcation lines in Java and Sumatra and provided for the evacuation to Republican-controlled territories of all TNI units caught behind the Dutch lines. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in :&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 332. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; About the proceedings of the Good Offices Committee:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no  387, 388, 389, 390, 391 and 392, &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 855 to 941 (Research Collection F. Gouda, United Nations)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 1 to 18 (General Records of the Department of State Decimal Files 1945-1949 (United States))&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 303 to 329  (East-Indies- Negotiations between Dutch and Indonesians (Australia))</content><start_date>17-01-1948</start_date><title>Renville</title></item><item id="104890"><content>In the night of 18-19 December 1948 the Second Police Action began under the codename of \'Operation Crow\'. The objective was to neutralise the military command of the Republic and to occupy the most important enemy territories in Java and Sumatra. In the early morning of 19 December Dutch paratroopers landed and occupied Maguwo airfield at Yogyakarta. With the airfield secure, units of T-Brigade were airlifted in. By that afternoon the Dutch had reached the centre of Yogyakarta and captured President Sukarno, Hatta, Shahrir, H. Agus Salim and other members of the Indonesian Government. On 21 December units of V-Brigade occupied Surakarta. Operation Crow ended in Java on 31 December 1948 and in Sumatra on 5 January 1949. The UN Security Council condemned the military offensive, and on 29 June 1949 the Dutch forces withdrew from Yogyakarta. President Sukarno returned to the city on 10 July.</content><start_date>18-12-1948</start_date><end_date>05-01-1949</end_date><title>Operation Crow</title></item><item id="104891"><content>The Van Roijen-Roem Agreement paved the way for the eventual transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia. Sukarno and Hatta were released from exile and the parties agreed to a cease-fire. The definitive transfer of sovereignty would take place in The Hague during a Round Table Conference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Information a.o. in: &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 913 and 939&lt;br /&gt; About the proceedings of the Good Offices Committee:&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 and 392, &lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 855 to 941 (Research Collection F. Gouda, United Nations)&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 1 to 18 (General Records of the Department of State Decimal Files 1945-1949 (United States))&lt;br /&gt; Access Number 2.22.21, inv. no. 303 to 329  (East-Indies- Negotiations between Dutch and Indonesians (Australia))</content><start_date>07-05-1949</start_date><title>Van Roijen-Roem</title></item><item id="104892"><content>On 27 December 1949 the Dutch authorities formally transferred sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia. Two ceremonies were held simultaneously: one in the Royal Palace in Amsterdam and one in Batavia/Jakarta. In the Koningsplein Palace in Batavia, the High Commissioner of the Crown, Dr. A.H.J. Lovink, and Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX signed the protocol of the transfer of sovereignty to the Republik Indonesia Serikat. Those present then listened to a radio address by Queen Juliana broadcast from Amsterdam. As the Dutch national anthem Wilhelmus was played, the Dutch flag was lowered over the palace. The red-and-white flag of Indonesia was then raised to the accompaniment of the Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya. The next day, 28 December, President Sukarno made his triumphant entrance into Jakarta.</content><start_date>27-12-1949</start_date><title>Transfer of Sovereignty</title></item></timeline> ';

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